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-- card: 22493 from stack: in -- bmap block id: 0 -- flags: 0000 -- background id: 3930 -- name: -- part contents for background part 10 ----- text ----- VP 335 - Special Pathology Second Year - Second Semester H. Gelberg, H. Whiteley, W. Haschek-Hock, J. Zachary, R. Sanecki (1988) -- part contents for background part 4 ----- text ----- LECTURES: I.Pathology of the urinary system (HG). A. Anatomy of the nephron. B. Congenital anomalies. C. Nephritis = inflammation of the kidney. D. Miscellaneous glomerular lesions. E. Diseases of the renal tubules and interstitum. F. Diseases of renal vasculature. G. Parasitic diseases of the kidney. H. Renal Neoplasms. I. Pathology of the ureter. J. Urinary obstruction. K. Urolithiasis. L. Pathology of the urinary bladder. M. Causes of renal failure. N. Uremia. 2. Pathology of the liver (HG). A. Anatomy of the liver. B. Liver functions. C. Centrilobar hepatocytes. Zone III. D. Periportal hepatocytes. Zone I. E. Kupffer cells. F. Protective mechanisms of the hepatocyte. G. Hepatocellular degeneration. H. Patterns of hepatic necrosis. I. Infectious hepatitis. J. Hepatic abscesses. K. Granulomatous diseases of the liver. L. Hepatotoxins. M. Diseases of hepatic vasculature. N. Parasitic liver diseases. O. Miscellaneous hepatic disorders. P. Growth disturbances of the lver. Q. Cirrhosis. R. Disease manifestations of liver dysfunction. S. Diseases of the gallbladder and bile ductules. 3. Pathology of the digestive system (HG). A. Pathology of the oral cavity. B. Pathology of the salivary glands. C. Pathology of the tongue. D. Pathology of pharynx and esophagus. E. Pathology of the rumen. F. Pathology of the stomach and abomasum. G. Pathology of the intestine. H. Pathology of the exocrine pancreas. I. Ectopic pancreas. II. Pancreatic cysts. III. Canine juvenile pancreatic atrophy (German shepherds, beagles) IV. Acute pancreatitis. V. Chronic pancreatitis. VI. Pancreatic neoplasia. VII. Pacinian corpuscles. VIII. Parasites. IX. Bovine pancreolithiasis. 4. Exam I. 5. Dermatopathology (HW). A. General considerations. B. Response to injury - biopsy, epidermal changes, hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, hypoplasia, necrosis, vesicle, dermal changes. C. Inflammatory response - perivascular dermatitis, vasculitis, nodular and diffuse granulomatous dermatitis, vesicular and pustular dermatitis, folliculitis, panniculitis, endocrine related dermatosis. 6. Musculoskeletal pathology - Muscle (HW). A. General considerations - anatomy and development. B. Reactions of skeletal muscle - atrophy, hypertrophy, degeneration and necrosis, regeneration. C. Classification of skeletal muscle disease - neurogenic atrophy, congenital and/or inherited myopathies, muscular dystrophy, myopathies (nutritional, toxic, exertional), myositis (supperative, parasitic, immune mediated). 7. Musculoskeletal Pathology - Bone (HW) A. Dynamic organ. B. General anatomy. C. Bone tissue : cellular elements, hormonal control. D. Bone modeling, remodeling, and reaction to injury. E. Abnormalities of development and growth - abnormalities of budding process, symmetry of development, cartilagenous dysplasia, chondrodysplasia. F. Metabolic diseases of bone - osteopenia, fibrous osteodystrophy, osteonecrosis, osteopetrosis, osteosclerosis, toxic and nutritional osteodystrophies. G. Ischemic bone disease. H. Diseases of unknown etiology - osteochondrosis, canine panosteitis, hypertrophic osteopathy, canine hypertrophic osteodystrophy, canine craniomandibular osteopathy. I. Inflammatory bone diseases - osteitis, osteomyelitis, periostitis, sequestrum. J. Diseases of joints - general considerations, degenerative joint disease, joint mice, hip dysplasia, cervicospinal arthropathy, intervertebral disc disease, spondylosis, infectious arthritis, noninfectious arthritis. K. Neoplasia - primary: osteosarcoma, osteoma, chondrosarcoma, chondroma, fibrosarcoma, giant cell tumor, synovial cell sarcoma; secondary: squamous cell carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, myeloma, others. 8. Special senses - eye and ear (HW). A. Anatomy and development of the eyeball. B. General considerations. C. Developmental anomalies - anophthalmos, cyclopia, synophthalmos, coloboma, collie eye anomaly, persistant pupillary membrane, dermoid, aphakia, microphakia. D. Cornea - anatomy, edema, wound healing, perforation, degree and effectiveness of repair, ulcer, descemetocoele, phthsis bulbi, keratitis, ulcerative keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. E. Lens - general features, dislocations, cataract. F. Uvea - general features, uveitis, cellular classification of uveitis (suppurative, nonsuppurative, lymphoplasmacytic, granulomatous), sequella to uveitis, immune-mediated uveitis, mycotic endophthalmitis. G. Glaucoma - general features, primary glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, lesions. H. Retina - general features, retinal separation, retinal degeneration/atrophy (senile, inherited, central progressive), light-induced retinopathies, nutritional retinopathy. I. Neoplasia - squamous cell carcinoma, meibomian gland adenoma, melanotic tumors (limbal, uveal), metastatic tumors. J. Middle ear - otitis media. K. Deafness - hereditary cochleosaccular degeneration. L. Nasopharyngeal polyps - cats. 9. Exam II. 10. Pathology of the respiratory system (WH-H). A. Upper respiratory tract - anatomy, function, diseases, developmental abnormalities, airway injury, infectous disease, Bovine malignant catarrh, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, feline viral rhinotracheitis, equine rhinopneumonitis, strangles, necrobacillosis, porcine atrophic rhinits, mycotic, miscellaneous, diseases of the gutteral pouch, neoplasia. B. The lung. Anatomy, functions of alveolar cells, response to injury (general), manifestations of pulmonary disease, gross examination of the lung, gross distribution of pulmonary diseases, developmental abnormalities, pneumonia (general), major morphologic types of pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, multifocal pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia. C. Viral pneumonias - General, major viral pneumonias by species, influenza, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper, adenovirus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, ovine progressive pneumonia, herpes virus infections. D. Bacterial pneumonias - general, major bacterial pneumonias by species, Pasteurellosis, "shipping fever complex" in catle, pneumonia of calves and other young domestic animals, bacterial pneumonia in swine, tuberculosis, rhodococcus, mycoplasma, chlamydial pneumonias. E. Mycotic pneumonias - general, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, cryptocoocus, coccidioides, paracoccidioides. F. Protozoal pneumonias - general, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis, encephalitozoonosis, sarcocystis. G. Paarasitic (verminous) pneumonias - general, specific parasites (Dictyocaulus vivparous, D. arnfeldi, D. filaria, Metastrongylus apri, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Paragonimus kellicotti, Filaroides, Dirofilaria immitis.). H. Chemically induced acute interstitial pneumonias - general, acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (3 methylindole), other. I. Allergic pulmonary disease - general, asthma, systemic anaphylaxis, equine allergic pneumonitis (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of horses, "heaves"), bovine hypersensitivity pneumonitis, other. J. Pneumoconiosis - general, anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis. K. Circulatory disturbances - diffuse pulmonary edema, smoke inhalation, embolism, thrombosis and infarction, hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular hypertrophy or sclerosis (hardening). L. Miscellaneous - Emphysema, pulmonary mineralization, atelectasis. M. Diseases of pleura, mediastinum, and thoracic cavity - infectious, noninfectious. N. Neoplasia of the lung - primary tumors (general), classification of primary tumors, secondary tumors - all types. 11. Pathology of the male reproductive system (WH-H). A. Anatomical structures. B. Developmental anomalies: hermaphrodism, cryptorchism, testicular hypoplasia, segmental aplasia of epididymis, blind efferent tubules, prostatic cysts, hypospadias, epispadias, scrotal/inguinal hernias. C. Degenerative disorders: testicular degeneration, spermatic cord varicosities, degeneration, torsion; penile paralysis, trauma, calculi, phimosis, paraphimosis. D. Degenerative disorders: orchitis, epididymitis, sperm granulomas, bacterial (Brucella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus), seminal vesiculitis, prostatitis, brucellosis, distemper in dogs, balanoposthitis, Campylobacter fetus and Tritrichomonas fetus, inflammation of the scrotum. E. Disorders of cell growth and differentiation: epididymal metaplasia, adenomyosis, prostate hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia. F. Neoplasia: interstitial cell tumor, sustentacular cell tumor, seminoma, teratoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, fibropapilloma, squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, transmissible venereal tumor of dogs, mast cell tumor of scrotum, melanomas. 12. Pathology of the female reproductive tract (WH-H). A. Anatomical structures. B. Intersexes : anomalies of sexual differentiation: hermaphrodism, pseudohermaphrodism, freemartinism, vascular ovarian hamartomas, ovarian hypoplasia, ovarian agenesis, ovarian dysgenesis, persistent hymen, vaginal/rectal strictures, ectopic mammary glands. C. The ovary: noninfectious disorders of the ovary (ovarian cysts, cystic follicle, epithelial inclusion cysts D. The uterus and uterine tube. E. The cervix, vagina and vulva. 13. The mammary gland (WH-H). A. Anatomical structures -- anatomy of the mammary gland. B Abnormalities. C. Inflammation -- mastitis. D. Mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia. 14. Pathology of the placenta and fetus (WH-H). A. Normal placenta and paraplacental structures. B. Noninfectious lesions. C. Disease of the conceptus. D. Abortions. 15. Exam III. 16. Nervous system (JZ): A. Structural and functional aspects of CNS cells. B. Types of cell injury and responses to injury in the central nervous system. C. Diseases of the neuron: 1. Alterations of growth/differentiation: agenesis, hypoplasia (cerebellar, optic nerve), dysplasia (dysraphism, porencephaly, hydranencephaly, cerebellar, lissenencephaly), atrophy, abiotrophy (cerebellar), hypertrophy, hyperplasia, neoplasia. 2. Degeneration and death: extensive acute necrosis, focal acute necrosis, intervertebral disk disease, cervical vertebral instability, equine laryngeal hemiplegia, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, degenerative myelopathy of aging German Shephards, degerative myelopathy of cats, lead encephalopathy, equine leukoencephalomalacia, polioencephalomalacia, symmetrical encephalomalacia, edema disease of pigs ( cerebrospinal angiopathy), focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia, carbon monoxide and cyanide toxicosis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, hepatic encephalopathy. 3. Infectious injury: neuronal degeneration and death - viral: viral entry into CNS, effects on cell function, Scrapie, Visna (chronic viral encephalomyelitis of sheep), canine distemper (multifocal distemper encephalitis), chronic canine distemper virus encephalitis (old dog encephalitis), rabies, equine polioencephalomyelitis (WEE, VEE, SLE, EEE) porcine pseudorabies (Aujeszkys disease), porcine polioencephalomyelitis, coronaviral polioencephalomyelitis. 4. Infectious injury: neuronal degeneration/ death - bacterial: Listeriosis. 5. Infectious injury: neuronal degeneration/death - protozoal and mycotic: Toxoplasmosis, equine protozoal myelitis (Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma), histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis. 6. Unknown cause injury: neuronal degeneration/death: reticulosis (granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis), idiopathic epilepsy, neuropododermatitis (acral lick or mutilation dermatitis/ syndrome). 7. Chemical injury: neuronal degeneration/death: organophosphates, hypoglycemia, nervous coccidiosis, nigropallidal encephalomalacia of horses, perennial ryegrass staggers (sheep, cattle, horses). D. Diseases of Myelin forming cells: 1. Alterations of growth/differentiation: dysmyelinating disease , congenital (Landrace pigs), dysmyelination of Chow Chow dogs, Bluetongue virus, Border disease (BVD), hog cholera, oligodendroglioma, Schwannoma, neurofibroma, fibroma. 2. Degeneration/death of myelinating cells: enzootic ataxia of lambs, spongy degeneration of the CNS, myelomalacia of Afghan hounds. 3. Physical/compressive injury: secondary to diseases of the vertebral column, cervical vertebral instability, cervical vertebral stenotic or dynamic myelopathy, intervertebral disk disease, vertebral fracture. 4. Infectious injury: canine distemper virus, caprine arthritis/encephalitis / pneumonia complex (leukoencephalomyelitis of goats). 5. Chemical injury: hexachlorophene, arsanilic acid, hyperammonemia. 6. Immune mediated injury (allergic leukoencephalomyelitis): postvaccinal, postinfectious, idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis (coonhound paralysis). E. Diseases of astrocytes: 1. Alterations of growth and differentiation: spongy degeneration and hepatic encephalopathy, astrocytoma. 2. Degeneration/death: F. Diseases of the PNS Myoneuronal junctions and CNS synapses: 1. Alterations of cell growth and differentiation: congenital myasthenia gravis. 2. Death/degeneration - infectious injury: wound botulism and toxicoinfectious botulism, tetanus, acquired myasthenia gravis. G. Diseases of the meninges: 1. Alterations of growth and differentiation: meningoencephaocele, meningioma. 2. Degeneration and death: infectious and physical injury: bacterial meningitis (neonatal septicemia), bacterial meningitis (older animals), brain abscesses, cryptococcal meningitis, osseous dural metaplasia (ossifying pachymeningitis), cauda equina neuritis). H. Diseases of the ependyma: 1. Alterations of differentiation and growth: hydrocepahlus (congenital and acquired), ependymoma, choroid plexus papillmoa. 2. Degeneration and death: hydrocephalus, FIP, visna, cholesteatoma. I. Diseases of the endothelium: 1. Alterations of differentiation and growth: hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma. 2. Degeneration and death: edema and increased CSF pressure (cytotoxic, vasogenic, interstitial), infarction. 3. Infectious injury: cerebrospinal nematodiasis, equine herpes virus I (equine rhinopneumonitis virus), ischemic myelopathy (fibrocartilagenous emboli), thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME), malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), caprine arthritis-encephalitis complex (CAE, leukoencephalomyelitis). 4. Unknown etiology: feline ischemic encephalopathy (cerebral infarction syndrome), neonatal maladjustment syndrome of foals. 17. Endocrine system (JZ): A. Functions of cell populations in the endocrine system. B. Types of cell injury and responses to injury in the endocrine system. C. Diseases of the endocrine system: 1. Alterations of growth/differentiation: aplasia of acidophils, aplasia of exocrine or endocrine pancreas, panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, atrophy of zona fasiculata, atrophy of zona glomerulosa, atrophy of follicular epithelium of the thyroid, adrenal cortical hyperplasia, adrenal cortical hypertrophy, hyperplasia of thyroid epithelium, primary hyperparathyroidism, pseudoparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, secondary renal hyperparathyroidism, islet cell hyperplasia, paraneoplastic syndromes. 2. Neoplasia: adrenocortical adenoma/adenocarcinoma, pheochromocytoma, thyroid follicular adenoma/adenocarcinoma, c-cell neoplasms, chief cell neoplasms, insulinoma, gastrinoma, pituitary gland adenoma/adenocarcinoma, APUD tumor multiple endocrine neoplasia, carotid body/aortic body tumor. 3. Degeneration/death: acute Addisons disease (hypoadrenocorticism) chronic Addisons disease, thyroiditis, islet amyloidosis in cats, diabetes insipidus. 18. Hemolymphatic system (JZ): A. Functions of cell populations in the hemolymphatic system. B. Types of cell injury and responses to injury in the hemolymphatic system. C. Diseases of the hemolymphatic system: 1. Alterations of growth and differentiation: asplenisa, congenital lymphedema, interstitial lymphangectasia (congenital and acquired), combined immunodeficiency syndrome, immune deficiencies of domestic animals, agranulocytosis, Pelger-Hulet syndrome, hereditary anemia, hyperplasia (lymphoid, myeloid, erythroid, fibroblastic, granuocytic). 2. Neoplasia: general principles of cell transformation and tumor progression, general principles of tumor metastasis, hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma, lymphangioma/lymphangiosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, leukemia-virus induced lymphosarcoma, acute myeloblastic leukemia, erythrymic myelosis, erythroleukemia, thymic lymphosarcoma, thymoma, plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma. 3. Degeneration/death: direct versus indirect injury, pathogenesis of thrombogenesis, infectious injury (infectious canine hepatitis, toxoplasma, rickettsial), parasitic vasculitis, immune-mediated vasculitis, metabolic vascular injury, lymphangitis, bone marrow atrophy, toxic aplastic anemia, osteomyelitis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic disease of newborns, drug-induced hemolytic anemia, Chediak-Higashi disease, cyclic neutropenia, canine granulocytopathy syndrome, chronic granulomatous disease. 4. Hemotropic diseases: Babesia spp., Anaplasma sp., Cytauxzooan sp., Eperyhtozoon sp., Hemobratonella sp., canine ehrlichiosis, EIA (equine infectious anemia), purpura hemorrhagica, causes of splenomegaly, miscellaneous lesions of the spleen (siderotic plaques, infarcts, hematomas, accessory daughter spleens, tumors). 19. Cardiovascular system (JZ): A. Functions of the cell populations in the cardiovascular system. B. Types of cell injury and responses to injury in the cardiovascular system. C. Clinical-physiologic-pathologic correlations in cardiovascular disease. D. Diseases of the cardiovascular system: 1. Alterations of growth/differentiation: patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, Tetrology of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis, aortic and subaortic stenosis, tricuspid/mitral valve dysplasia, peristent right aortic arch, double aortic arch, portocaval shunt, endocardial fibroelastosis, cardiomyopathy, high altitude disease of cattle, hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, aortic/carotid body (chemodectoma) tumors, "heart base" tumors, lymphosarcoma. 2. Degeneration/death : traumatic pericarditis/restrictive pericarditis, valvular endocardiosis, acquired endocardial (subendocardial) fibroelastosis, arterial aneurysm, "brain-heart syndrome", white muscle disease, porcine stress syndrome, "mulberry heart disease", hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, equine sudden death syndrome (Swale syndrome), atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, amyloidosis, arterial degeneration with uremia, Monensin toxicosis, gossypol toxicosis, Japanese yew (taxine) toxicity, canine parvovirus myocarditis, canine distemper virus myocarditis, encephalomyocarditis virus of pigs, viral vasculitis, vegetative valvular endocarditis, lymphangitis (sporadic and ulcerative in horses), protozoal, rickettsial and parasitic myocarditis. 20. Exam IV. 21. Laboratory Final. LABORATORY (RS): 
